State of Mexico

Lore & Background

The territory now comprising the State of Mexico once formed the core of the pre-Hispanic Aztec Empire. During the Spanish colonial period, the region was incorporated into New Spain. After independence in the 19th century, Mexico City was separated from the state, and later parts were broken off to form the states of Hidalgo, Guerrero, and Morelos. These separations left the state with its current size and shape, including the Toluca Valley and a panhandle around Mexico City. Major pre-Hispanic civilizations include Teotihuacan, the Matlatzincas with their capital Teotenango, and the Aztecs, who conquered the Toluca and Chalco valleys in the 15th century. During the Spanish colonial period, the area was reorganized into the audiencia of Mexico, and later into alcaldías mayores. Franciscan missionaries established missions and the first school, San Antonio de Padua. The economy was based on agriculture, with some mining and craft production.

Reader's Guide

The State of Mexico is significant as the most populous entity in Mexico, containing the historical core of the Aztec Empire and surrounding the national capital. Its name, shared with the country and Mexico City, reflects its central role in Mexican history. The state's territory has been reduced over time through the separation of Mexico City and the creation of Hidalgo, Guerrero, and Morelos, shaping its current geography. The demonym mexiquense distinguishes its people from the national term mexicano. The state's pre-Hispanic heritage includes major archaeological sites such as Teotihuacan and the Tepexpan Man, which provide key evidence for early human habitation in the Valley of Mexico. The colonial and independence periods further shaped its identity, with battles like Monte de las Cruces marking the struggle for independence.

Did You Know?

• The State of Mexico is colloquially distinguished as Edomex, from Estado México.
• The Tepexpan Man, originally identified as male, recent research suggests was female, though this is still debated.
• The state's name may derive from metztli (moon) and xictla (navel), meaning 'from the navel of the moon.'